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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Map_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Map (disambiguation)">Map (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="Maps_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Maps (disambiguation)">Maps (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="Mapping_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mapping (disambiguation)">Mapping</a>.</div>

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<p>A <b>map</b> is a symbolic depiction of interrelationships, commonly spatial, between things within a <a href="Space" title="Space">space</a>. A map may be annotated with text and graphics. Like any graphic, a map may be fixed to paper or other durable media, or may be displayed on a transitory medium such as a computer screen. Some maps change interactively. Although maps are commonly used to depict <a href="Geography" title="Geography">geographic elements</a>, they may represent any space, real or fictional. The subject being mapped may be two-dimensional such as Earth's surface, three-dimensional such as Earth's interior, or from an abstract space of any dimension.

</p><p>Maps of geographic territory have a very long tradition and have existed from ancient times. The word "map" comes from the <a href="Latin" title="Latin">medieval Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Mappa mundi</i>, wherein <i>mappa</i> meant 'napkin' or 'cloth' and <i>mundi</i> 'of the world'. Thus, "map" became a shortened term referring to a flat representation of Earth's surface.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">History of cartography</a></div>

<p>Maps have been one of the most important human inventions for millennia, allowing humans to explain and navigate their way through the world. The earliest surviving maps include <a href="Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a> and etchings on tusk and stone. Later came extensive maps produced in ancient <a href="Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, <a href="Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="China" title="China">China</a>, and <a href="India" title="India">India</a>. In their simplest forms, maps are two-dimensional constructs. Since the <a href="Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greek period</a>, however, maps also have been projected onto <a href="Globe" title="Globe">globes</a>. The <a href="Mercator_Projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercator Projection">Mercator Projection</a>, developed by Flemish geographer <a href="Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator">Gerardus Mercator</a>, was widely used as the standard for two-dimensional world maps until the late 20th century, when more accurate projections were more widely used. Mercator also was the first to use and popularize the concept of the <a href="Atlas" title="Atlas">atlas</a>: a collection of maps.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div>

<p><a href="Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a> or <i>map-making</i> is the study and practice of crafting representations of the Earth upon a flat surface<sup id="cite_ref-nationalgeo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalgeo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">History of cartography</a>), and one who makes maps is called a <a href="Cartography" title="Cartography">cartographer</a> or mapmaker.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalgeo_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalgeo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Road_map" title="Road map">Road maps</a> are perhaps the most widely used maps today. They are a subset of navigational maps, which also include <a href="Aeronautical_chart" title="Aeronautical chart">aeronautical</a> and <a href="Nautical_chart" title="Nautical chart">nautical charts</a>, railroad network maps, and hiking and bicycling maps. In terms of quantity, the largest number of drawn map sheets is probably made up by local surveys, carried out by <a href="Municipality" title="Municipality">municipalities</a>, utilities, tax assessors, emergency services providers, and other local agencies. Many national surveying projects have been carried out by the military, such as the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a>: a civilian government agency, internationally renowned for its comprehensively detailed work.

</p><p>The location information showed by maps may include <a href="Contour_line" title="Contour line">contour lines</a>, indicating constant values of <a href="Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a>, temperature, rainfall, <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">etc.</span>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orientation">Orientation</h2></div>

<p>The orientation of a map is the geographical direction toward the top of the map. In the <a href="Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> many Eurasian maps, including the <a href="T_and_O_map" title="T and O map">T and O maps</a>, were drawn with east at the top (meaning that the direction "up" on the map is eastward). The word "<a href="Orient" title="Orient">orient</a>" is derived from <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">oriens</i></span>, meaning east. The modern cartographic convention is to put north at the top of a map. This convention is only a few hundred years old.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCWilliams_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCWilliams-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As no direction is inherently "up" on a spheroidal planet, a variety of orientations have been used on maps both historically and in the present day. Different factors may influence the preferred orientation of a map, depending both on its expected use and cultural factors affecting the perception of each direction. For instance, north and west had historically <i>not</i> been placed at the top of maps made in the Northern Hemisphere as these were the directions where the sun disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCWilliams_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCWilliams-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Many maps were oriented to place a particularly significant or holy site at the top. Early Islamic maps often placed south at the top because this was the direction of <a href="Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> relative to the map-makers. Similarly, European Christian maps like the T-O map placed east at the top as this was the direction of the <a href="Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>. Early Chinese maps placed north at the top (despite most <a href="South-pointing_chariot" title="South-pointing chariot">Chinese compasses</a> pointing south) due to the location of the imperial capital.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCWilliams_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCWilliams-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Other examples of maps with non-north orientations include:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">Portolan charts</a> are oriented to the shores they describe.</li>

<li>Maps of cities bordering a sea are often conventionally oriented with the sea at the top.</li>

<li>Route and channel maps have traditionally been oriented to the road or waterway they describe.</li>

<li><a href="Azimuthal_equidistant_projection" title="Azimuthal equidistant projection">Polar maps</a> of the <a href="Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> or <a href="Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctic</a> regions are conventionally centered on the pole; the direction North would be toward or away from the center of the map, respectively. Typical maps of the Arctic have 0° meridian toward the bottom of the page; maps of the Antarctic have the 0° meridian toward the top of the page.</li>

<li><a href="South-up_map_orientation" title="South-up map orientation">South-up maps</a> invert the <i>North is up</i> convention by having south at the top. Ancient Africans including in <a href="Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> used this orientation, as some maps in Brazil do today.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller">Buckminster Fuller</a>'s <a href="Dymaxion_map" title="Dymaxion map">Dymaxion maps</a> are based on a projection of the Earth's <a href="Sphere" title="Sphere">sphere</a> onto an <a href="Icosahedron" title="Icosahedron">icosahedron</a>. The resulting triangular pieces may be arranged in any order or orientation.</li>

<li><a href="Orienteering_map" title="Orienteering map">Orienteering maps</a> are oriented to <a href="Magnetic_north" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic north">magnetic north</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scale_and_accuracy">Scale and accuracy</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Scale_(map)" title="Scale (map)">Scale (map)</a></div>

<p>Many maps are drawn to a <a href="Scale_(map)" title="Scale (map)">scale</a> expressed as a <a href="Ratio" title="Ratio">ratio</a>, such as 1:10,000, which means that 1 unit of <a href="Measurement" title="Measurement">measurement</a> on the map corresponds to 10,000 of that same unit on the ground. The scale statement can be accurate when the region mapped is small enough for the <a href="Curvature" title="Curvature">curvature</a> of the Earth to be neglected, such as a <a href="City_map" title="City map">city map</a>. Mapping larger regions, where the curvature cannot be ignored, requires <a href="Map_projection" title="Map projection">projections</a> to map from the curved surface of the Earth to the plane. The impossibility of flattening the <a href="Sphere" title="Sphere">sphere</a> to the <a href="Plane_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (geometry)">plane</a> without distortion means that the map cannot have a constant scale. Rather, on most projections, the best that can be attained is an accurate scale along one or two paths on the projection. Because scale differs everywhere, it can only be measured meaningfully as <a href="Scale_(map)" title="Scale (map)">point scale</a> per location. Most maps strive to keep point scale variation within narrow bounds. Although the scale statement is nominal it is usually accurate enough for most purposes unless the map covers a large fraction of the Earth. At the scope of a world map, scale as a single number is practically meaningless throughout most of the map. Instead, it usually refers to the scale along the equator.

</p><p>Some maps, called <a href="Cartogram" title="Cartogram">cartograms</a>, have the scale deliberately distorted to reflect information other than land area or distance.

</p><p>Another example of distorted scale is the famous <a href="Tube_map" title="Tube map">London Underground map</a>. The geographic structure is respected but the tube lines (and the <a href="River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>) are smoothed to clarify the relationships between stations. Near the center of the map, stations are spaced out more than near the edges of the map.

</p><p>Further inaccuracies may be deliberate. For example, cartographers may simply omit military installations or remove features solely to enhance the clarity of the map. For example, a road map may not show railroads, smaller waterways, or other prominent non-road objects, and even if it does, it may show them less clearly (e.g. dashed or dotted lines/outlines) than the main roads. Known as decluttering, the practice makes the subject matter that the user is interested in easier to read, usually without sacrificing overall accuracy. <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Software-based maps often allow the user to toggle decluttering between on, off and auto as needed. In auto the degree of decluttering is adjusted as the user changes the scale being displayed.</span>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projection">Projection</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Map_projection" title="Map projection">Map projection</a></div>

<p>Geographic maps use a <a href="Map_projection" title="Map projection">projection</a> to translate the three-dimensional real surface of the <a href="Geoid" title="Geoid">geoid</a> to a two-dimensional picture. Projection always distorts the surface. There are many ways to apportion the distortion, and so there are many map projections. Which projection to use depends on the purpose of the map.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Map_symbol" title="Map symbol">Map symbol</a></div>

<p>The various features shown on a map are represented by conventional signs or symbols. For example, colors can be used to indicate a classification of roads. Those signs are usually explained in a <a href="Page_layout_(cartography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Page layout (cartography)">map legend</a> on the margin of the map, or on a separately published characteristic sheet.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some cartographers prefer to make the map cover practically the entire screen or sheet of paper, leaving no room "outside" the map for information about the map as a whole. These cartographers typically place such information in an otherwise "blank" region "inside" the map—<a href="Cartouche_(cartography)" title="Cartouche (cartography)">cartouche</a>, map legend, title, <a href="Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">compass rose</a>, <a href="Bar_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar scale">bar scale</a>, etc.

In particular, some maps contain smaller maps inset into otherwise blank areas of the map: for example:

</p>

<ul><li>a map at a much smaller scale showing the whole globe and the position of the main map on that globe, or</li>

<li>showing "regions of interest" (such as cities) at a larger scale to show details that would not otherwise fit, or</li>

<li>showing places that do not fit on the main map, such as Alaska and Hawaii on maps of the United States, or the Shetland and Orkney Islands on maps of Britain.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Cartographic_design" title="Cartographic design">Cartographic design</a></div>

<p>The design and production of maps is a craft that has developed over thousands of years, from clay tablets to <a href="Geographic_information_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic information systems">geographic information systems</a>. As a form of <a href="Design" title="Design">design</a>, particularly closely related to <a href="Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a>, map making incorporates scientific knowledge about how maps are used, integrated with principles of artistic expression, to create an aesthetically attractive product, carries an aura of authority, and functionally serves a particular purpose for an intended audience.

</p><p>Designing a map involves bringing together a number of elements and making a large number of decisions. The elements of design fall into several broad topics, each of which has its own theory, its own research agenda, and its own best practices. That said, there are synergistic effects between these elements, meaning that the overall design process is not just working on each element one at a time, but an iterative feedback process of adjusting each to achieve the desired <a href="Holism" title="Holism">gestalt</a>.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Map_projections" class="mw-redirect" title="Map projections">Map projections</a>: The foundation of the map is the plane on which it rests (whether paper or screen), but projections are required to flatten the surface of the Earth. All projections distort this surface, but the cartographer can be strategic about how and where distortion occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Albrecht_2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albrecht_2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Cartographic_generalization" title="Cartographic generalization">Generalization</a>: All maps must be drawn at a smaller scale than reality, requiring that the information included on a map be a very small sample of the wealth of information about a place. Generalization is the process of adjusting the level of detail in geographic information to be appropriate for the scale and purpose of a map, through procedures such as selection, simplification, and classification.</li>

<li><a href="Map_symbol" title="Map symbol">Symbology</a>: Any map visually represents the location and properties of geographic features using map symbols, graphical depictions composed of several <a href="Visual_variable" title="Visual variable">visual variables</a>, such as size, shape, color, and pattern.</li>

<li>Composition: As all of the symbols are brought together, their interactions have major effects on map reading, such as <a href="Gestalt_psychology#Prägnanz" title="Gestalt psychology">grouping</a> and <a href="Visual_hierarchy" title="Visual hierarchy">Visual hierarchy</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Typography_(cartography)" title="Typography (cartography)">Typography or Labeling</a>: Text serves a number of purposes on the map, especially aiding the recognition of features, but labels must be designed and positioned well to be effective.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Page_layout_(cartography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Page layout (cartography)">Layout</a>: The map image must be placed on the page (whether paper, web, or other media), along with related elements, such as the title, legend, additional maps, text, images, and so on. Each of these elements has its own design considerations, as does their integration, which largely follows the principles of <a href="Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a>.</li>

<li>Map type-specific design: Different kinds of maps, especially <a href="Thematic_map" title="Thematic map">thematic maps</a>, have their own design needs and best practices.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

</div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3></div>

<p>General-purpose maps provide many types of information on one map. Most atlas maps, wall maps, and road maps fall into this category. The following are some features that might be shown on general-purpose maps: bodies of water, roads, railway lines, parks, elevations, towns and cities, political boundaries, latitude and longitude, national and provincial parks. These maps give a broad understanding of the location and features of an area. The reader may gain an understanding of the type of landscape, the location of urban places, and the location of major transportation routes all at once.

</p><p>Maps of the world or large areas are often either "political" or "physical". The most important purpose of the <i>political map</i> is to show territorial <a href="Border" title="Border">borders</a> and <a href="Administrative_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative region">administrative regions</a>; the purpose of the <i>physical map</i> is to show features of <a href="Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> such as mountains, soil type, or land use including infrastructures such as roads, railroads, and buildings.

</p><p><a href="Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">Topographic maps</a> show <a href="Elevation" title="Elevation">elevations</a> and <a href="Terrain" title="Terrain">relief</a> with <a href="Contour_line" title="Contour line">contour lines</a> or shading. <a href="Geological_map" title="Geological map">Geological maps</a> show not only the physical surface, but characteristics of the underlying rock, <a href="Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault</a> lines, and subsurface structures.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic">Electronic</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Web_page" title="Web page">Web page</a>, <a href="PDF#Optional_Content_Groups_(layers)" title="PDF">PDF § Optional Content Groups (layers)</a>, <a href="MapQuest" title="MapQuest">MapQuest</a>, <a href="Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>, <a href="Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a>, <a href="OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a>, and <a href="Yahoo!_Maps" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Maps">Yahoo! Maps</a></div>

</div></div>

<p>From the last quarter of the 20th century, the indispensable tool of the <a href="Cartographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographer">cartographer</a> has been the computer. Much of cartography, especially at the data-gathering <a href="Surveying" title="Surveying">survey</a> level, has been subsumed by <a href="Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">geographic information systems</a> (GIS). The functionality of maps has been greatly advanced by technology simplifying the superimposition of spatially located variables onto existing geographic maps. Having local information such as rainfall level, distribution of wildlife, or demographic data integrated within the map allows more efficient analysis and better decision making. In the pre-electronic age such <a href="Superimposition" title="Superimposition">superimposition</a> of data led <a href="John_Snow_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Snow (physician)">Dr. John Snow</a> to identify the location of an outbreak of <a href="Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>. Today, it is used by agencies around the world, as diverse as wildlife conservationists and militaries.

</p><p>Even when GIS is not involved, most cartographers now use a variety of computer graphics programs to generate new maps.

</p><p>Interactive, computerized maps are commercially available, allowing users to <i>zoom in</i> or <i>zoom out</i> (respectively meaning to increase or decrease the scale), sometimes by replacing one map with another of different scale, centered where possible on the same point. In-car <a href="Global_navigation_satellite_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Global navigation satellite system">global navigation satellite systems</a> are computerized maps with route planning and advice facilities that monitor the user's position with the help of satellites. From the computer scientist's point of view, zooming in entails one or more of:

</p>

<ol><li>replacing the map by a more detailed one</li>

<li>enlarging the same map without enlarging the <a href="Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a>, hence showing more detail by removing less information compared to the less detailed version</li>

<li>enlarging the same map with the pixels enlarged (replaced by rectangles of pixels); no additional detail is shown, but, depending on the user's vision, possibly more detail can be seen. If a computer display does not show adjacent pixels really separately, but overlapping instead (this does not apply for an <a href="Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">LCD</a>, but may apply for a <a href="Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a>), then replacing a pixel by a rectangle of pixels does show more detail. A variation of this method is <a href="Interpolation" title="Interpolation">interpolation</a>.</li></ol>

<p>For example:

</p>

<ul><li>Typically (2) applies to a <a href="Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">Portable Document Format</a> (PDF) file or other format based on <a href="Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a>. The increase in detail is limited to the information contained in the file: enlargement of a curve may eventually result in a series of standard geometric figures such as straight lines, arcs of circles, or <a href="Spline_(mathematics)" title="Spline (mathematics)">splines</a>.</li>

<li>(2) may apply to text and (3) to the outline of a map feature such as a forest or building.</li>

<li>(1) may apply to the text as needed (displaying labels for more features), while (2) applies to the rest of the image. Text is not necessarily enlarged when zooming in. Similarly, a road represented by a double line may or may not become wider when one zooms in.</li>

<li>The map may also have layers that are partly <a href="Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster graphics</a> and partly <a href="Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a>. For a single raster graphics image (2) applies until the pixels in the image file correspond to the pixels of the display, thereafter (3) applies.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climatic">Climatic</h3></div>

<p>The maps that reflect the territorial distribution of <a href="Climate" title="Climate">climatic</a> conditions based on the results of long-term observations are called <i>climatic maps</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These maps can be compiled both for individual climatic features (temperature, precipitation, humidity) and for combinations of them at the earth's surface and in the upper layers of the atmosphere. Climatic maps show climatic features across a large region and permit values of climatic features to be compared in different parts of the region. When generating the map, <a href="Spatial_interpolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spatial interpolation">spatial interpolation</a> can be used to synthesize values where there are no measurements, under the assumption that conditions change smoothly.

</p><p>Climatic maps generally apply to individual months and the year as a whole, sometimes to the four seasons, to the growing period, and so forth. On maps compiled from the observations of ground meteorological stations, atmospheric pressure is converted to sea level. Air temperature maps are compiled both from the actual values observed on the surface of the Earth and from values converted to sea level. The pressure field in the free atmosphere is represented either by maps of the distribution of pressure at different standard altitudes—for example, at every kilometer above sea level—or by maps of baric topography on which altitudes (more precisely geopotentials) of the main isobaric surfaces (for example, 900, 800, and 700 millibars) counted off from sea level are plotted. The temperature, humidity, and wind on aero climatic maps may apply either to standard altitudes or to the main isobaric surfaces.

</p><p>Isolines are drawn on maps of such climatic features as the long-term mean values (of atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, total precipitation, and so forth) to connect points with equal values of the feature in question—for example, isobars for pressure, isotherms for temperature, and isohyets for precipitation. Isoamplitudes are drawn on maps of amplitudes (for example, annual amplitudes of air temperature—that is, the differences between the mean temperatures of the warmest and coldest month). Isanomals are drawn on maps of anomalies (for example, deviations of the mean temperature of each place from the mean temperature of the entire latitudinal zone). Isolines of frequency are drawn on maps showing the frequency of a particular phenomenon (for example, the annual number of days with a thunderstorm or snow cover). Isochrones are drawn on maps showing the dates of onset of a given phenomenon (for example, the first frost and appearance or disappearance of the snow cover) or the date of a particular value of a meteorological element in the course of a year (for example, passing of the mean daily air temperature through zero). Isolines of the mean numerical value of wind velocity or isotachs are drawn on wind maps (charts); the wind resultants and directions of prevailing winds are indicated by arrows of different lengths or arrows with different plumes; lines of flow are often drawn. Maps of the zonal and meridional components of wind are frequently compiled for the free atmosphere. Atmospheric pressure and wind are usually combined on climatic maps. Wind roses, curves showing the distribution of other meteorological elements, diagrams of the annual course of elements at individual stations, and the like are also plotted on climatic maps.

</p><p>Maps of climatic regionalization, that is, division of the earth's surface into climatic zones and regions according to some classification of climates, are a special kind of climatic map.

</p><p>Climatic maps are often incorporated into climatic atlases of varying geographic ranges (globe, hemispheres, continents, countries, oceans) or included in comprehensive atlases. Besides general climatic maps, applied climatic maps and atlases have great practical value. Aero climatic maps, aero climatic atlases, and agro climatic maps are the most numerous.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraterrestrial">Extraterrestrial</h3></div>

<p>Maps exist of the <a href="Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, and other cosmological features such as <a href="Star_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Star map">star maps</a>. In addition maps of other bodies such as the Moon and other planets are technically not <i><a href="Geospatial" class="mw-redirect" title="Geospatial">geo</a></i>graphical maps. <a href="Floor_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Floor map">Floor maps</a> are also spatial but not necessarily geospatial.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topological">Topological</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Topological_map" title="Topological map">Topological map</a></div>

<p>Diagrams such as <a href="Schematic_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Schematic diagram">schematic diagrams</a> and <a href="Gantt_chart" title="Gantt chart">Gantt charts</a> and <a href="Treemap" class="mw-redirect" title="Treemap">tree maps</a> display logical relationships between items, rather than geographic relationships. <a href="Topological" class="mw-redirect" title="Topological">Topological</a> in nature, only the connectivity is significant. The <a href="London_Underground_map" class="mw-redirect" title="London Underground map">London Underground map</a> and similar subway maps around the world are a common example of these maps.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extremely_large_maps">Extremely large maps</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Great_Polish_Map_of_Scotland">The Great Polish Map of Scotland</h4></div>

<p>Polish general <a href="Stanis%C5%82aw_Maczek" title="Stanisław Maczek">Stanisław Maczek</a> had once been shown an impressive outdoor map of land and water in the Netherlands demonstrating the working of the waterways (which had been an obstacle to the Polish forces progress in 1944). This had inspired Maczek and his companions to create <a href="Great_Polish_Map_of_Scotland" title="Great Polish Map of Scotland">Great Polish Map of Scotland</a> as a 70-ton permanent three-dimensional reminder of Scotland's hospitality to his compatriots. In 1974, the coastline and relief of Scotland were laid out by Kazimierz Trafas, a Polish student geographer-planner, based on existing Bartholomew Half-Inch map sheets. Engineering infrastructure was put in place to surround it with a sea of water and at the General's request some of the main rivers were even arranged to flow from headwaters pumped into the mountains. The map was finished in 1979, but had to be restored between 2013 and 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Challenger_Relief_Map_of_British_Columbia">Challenger Relief Map of British Columbia</h4></div>

<p>The Challenger Relief Map of <a href="British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> is a hand-built topographic map of the province, 80 feet by 76 feet. Built by George Challenger and his family from 1947 to 1954, it features all of B.C.'s mountains, lakes, rivers and valleys in exact-scaled topographical detail. Residing in the British Columbia Pavilion at the <a href="Pacific_National_Exhibition" title="Pacific National Exhibition">Pacific National Exhibition</a> (PNE) in Vancouver from 1954 to 1997 it was viewed by millions of visitors. The <a href="Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness Book of Records</a> cites the Challenger Map as the largest of its kind in the world. The map in its entirety occupies 6,080 square feet (1,850 square metres) of space. It was disassembled in 1997; there is a project to restore it in a new location.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relief_map_of_Guatemala">Relief map of Guatemala</h4></div>

<p>The <a href="Relief_map_of_Guatemala" title="Relief map of Guatemala">Relief map of Guatemala</a> was made by Francisco Vela in 1905 and still exists. This map (horizontal scale 1:10,000; vertical scale 1:2,000) measures 1,800 m<sup>2</sup>, and was created to educate children in the scape of their country.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Aeronautical_chart" title="Aeronautical chart">Aeronautical chart</a></li>

<li><a href="Atlas" title="Atlas">Atlas</a></li>

<li><a href="Cadastre#Cadastral_map" title="Cadastre">Cadastral map</a></li>

<li><a href="#Climatic_maps">Climatic map</a></li>

<li><a href="Geological_map" title="Geological map">Geological map</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">Historical map</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_map" title="Linguistic map">Linguistic map</a></li>

<li><a href="Nautical_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Nautical map">Nautical map</a></li>

<li><a href="#Map_types_and_projections">Physical map</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Political map">Political map</a></li>

<li><a href="Terrain_cartography" title="Terrain cartography">Relief map</a></li>

<li><a href="Resource_map" title="Resource map">Resource map</a></li>

<li><a href="Street_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Street map">Street map</a></li>

<li><a href="Thematic_map" title="Thematic map">Thematic map</a></li>

<li><a href="Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">Topographic map</a></li>

<li><a href="Train_track_map" title="Train track map">Train track map</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_map" title="Transit map">Transit map</a></li>

<li><a href="Weather_map" title="Weather map">Weather map</a></li>

<li><a href="World_map" title="World map">World map</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_regulation">Legal regulation</h2></div>

<p>Some countries required that all published maps represent their national claims regarding <a href="Border_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Border dispute">border disputes</a>. For example:

</p>

<ul><li>Within Russia, Google Maps shows <a href="Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> as part of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Both the Republic of India and the People's Republic of China require that all maps show areas subject to the <a href="Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a> in their own favor.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>In 2010, the People's Republic of China began requiring that all online maps served from within China be hosted there, making them <a href="Restrictions_on_geographic_data_in_China" title="Restrictions on geographic data in China">subject to Chinese laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>In 2017, Turkey banned the terms "<a href="Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>" and "Kurdish regions". In 2018, the government had a user-generated map of Kurdistan, which it deemed "terrorist propaganda", removed from Google Maps.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>In Pakistan, the Surveying and Mapping (Amendment) Act, 2020 made printing, displaying, or using any unofficial or "incorrect" map of Pakistan a crime punishable by 5 years in jail and a fine of 5 million <a href="Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">rupees</a>. It asserts that India is illegally occupying some Pakistani territory along the northern <a href="India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border" title="India–Pakistan border">India–Pakistan border</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_2">General</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Counter-mapping" title="Counter-mapping">Counter-mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Map%E2%80%93territory_relation" title="Map–territory relation">Map–territory relation</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_of_maps" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of maps">Censorship of maps</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_online_map_services" title="List of online map services">List of online map services</a></li>

<li><a href="Map_collection" title="Map collection">Map collection</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Map_designing_and_types">Map designing and types</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Automatic_label_placement" title="Automatic label placement">Automatic label placement</a></li>

<li><a href="Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">Compass rose</a></li>

<li><a href="Contour_line" title="Contour line">Contour map</a></li>

<li><a href="Estate_map" title="Estate map">Estate map</a></li>

<li><a href="Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">Fantasy map</a></li>

<li><a href="Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">Floor plan</a></li>

<li><a href="Geological_map" title="Geological map">Geological map</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypsometric_tints" title="Hypsometric tints">Hypsometric tints</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartography" title="Cartography">Map design</a></li>

<li><a href="Orthophotomap" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthophotomap">Orthophotomap</a>—A map created from <a href="Orthophoto" title="Orthophoto">orthophotography</a></li>

<li><a href="Pictorial_maps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictorial maps">Pictorial maps</a></li>

<li><a href="Road_atlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Road atlas">Road atlas</a></li>

<li><a href="Strip_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Strip map">Strip map</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_map" title="Transit map">Transit map</a></li>

<li><a href="Page_layout_(cartography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Page layout (cartography)">Page layout (cartography)</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Map_history">Map history</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Early_world_maps" title="Early world maps">Early world maps</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">History of cartography</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_cartographers" title="List of cartographers">List of cartographers</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_topics">Related topics</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Aerial_landscape_art" title="Aerial landscape art">Aerial landscape art</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_geological_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital geological mapping">Digital geological mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Economic geography</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Geographic coordinate system</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_map" title="Index map">Index map</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Map" title="Global Map">Global Map</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_online_map_services" title="List of online map services">List of online map services</a></li>

<li><a href="Map_database_management" title="Map database management">Map database management</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFWolodtschenkoForner2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wolodtschenko, Alexander; Forner, Thomas (Spring 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-perimetron.org/Vol_2_2/Wolodchenko_Forner.pdf">"Prehistoric and Early Historic Maps in Europe: Conception of Cd-Atlas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>E-perimetron</i>. <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">114–</span>116. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1790-3769">1790-3769</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nationalgeo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nationalgeo_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nationalgeo_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/map">"Map"</a>. <i>education.nationalgeographic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-BBCWilliams-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCWilliams_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCWilliams_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCWilliams_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2016" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Caroline (15 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20160614-maps-have-north-at-the-top-but-it-couldve-been-different">"Maps have 'north' at the top, but it could've been different"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701060939/http://en.lisapoyakama.org/the-orientation-of-the-world-in-the-african-thought/">"The orientation of the world in the African thought"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.lisapoyakama.org/the-orientation-of-the-world-in-the-african-thought/">the original</a> on 1 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icsm.gov.au/education/fundamentals-mapping/projections/commonly-used-map-projections">"Commonly Used Map Projections"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ordnance Survey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/docs/legends/25k-raster-legend.pdf">Explorer Map Symbols</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160403185303/https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/docs/legends/25k-raster-legend.pdf">Archived</a> 3 April 2016 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Swisstopo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/internet/swisstopo/en/home/products/maps/leisure/hiking.parsysrelated1.96279.downloadList.81398.DownloadFile.tmp/symbolsen.pdf">Conventional Signs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528053109/http://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/internet/swisstopo/en/home/products/maps/leisure/hiking.parsysrelated1.96279.downloadList.81398.DownloadFile.tmp/symbolsen.pdf">Archived</a> 28 May 2008 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; United States Geological Survey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/symbols/">Topographic Map Symbols</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080601185821/http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/symbols/">Archived</a> 1 June 2008 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Albrecht_2005-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Albrecht_2005_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAlbrecht" class="citation web cs1">Albrecht, Jochen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/~jochen/gtech201/lectures/lec6concepts/map%20coordinate%20systems/how%20to%20choose%20a%20projection.htm">"Maps projections"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jill Saligoe-Simmel,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drjill.net/map-fonts-article-1-the-basics-of-typography-for-cartography/">"Using Text on Maps: Typography in Cartography"</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEvertBallard_(deceased)ElsworthOquiñena2010" class="citation cs2">Evert, Klaus-Jürgen; Ballard (deceased), Edward B.; Elsworth, David J.; Oquiñena, Icíar, eds. (2010), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_1966">"833 climatic map [n]"</a></span>, <i>Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning</i>, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, p. 136, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-76435-9_1966">10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_1966</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-540-76455-7</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2023</span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mapa Scotland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapascotland.org/story-of-the-map/"><i>Story of the Map</i></a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://challengermap.ca/">The Challenger Relief Map of British Columbia</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen</i>, annual 72, 1926, pp. 212–214.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChappell2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Bill_Chappell" title="Bill Chappell">Chappell, Bill</a> (12 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/04/12/302337754/google-maps-displays-crimean-border-differently-in-russia-u-s">"Google Maps Displays Crimean Border Differently In Russia, U.S."</a> <i><a href="NPR.org" class="mw-redirect" title="NPR.org">NPR.org</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWagstaff2012" class="citation news cs1">Wagstaff, Jeremy (23 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-asia-idUSBRE82M0I020120323">"Google charts a careful course through Asia's maps"</a>. <i><a href="Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGuanqun2010" class="citation web cs1">Guanqun, Wang (19 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527193512/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-05/19/c_13302696.htm">"China issues new rules on Internet map publishing"</a>. <i><a href="Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-05/19/c_13302696.htm">the original</a> on 27 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shafaq.com/en/Kurdistan/after-turkey-complains-google-removes-offending-kurdistan-map">After Turkey Complains, Google Removes Offending ‘Kurdistan’ Map</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.app.com.pk/national/use-of-pakistans-unofficial-map-a-crime-punishable-by-jail-term-fine/">Use of Pakistan’s unofficial map a crime punishable by jail term, fine</a></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div>

<ul><li>David Buisseret, ed., <i>Monarchs, Ministers and Maps: The Emergence of Cartography as a Tool of Government in Early Modern Europe.</i> Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-226-07987-2</bdi></li>

<li>Denis E. Cosgrove (ed.) <i>Mappings</i>. Reaktion Books, 1999 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-86189-021-4</bdi></li>

<li>Freeman, Herbert, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071029195807/http://www.maptext.com/ProductLiterature/Freeman-White-Paper-041027.pdf">Automated Cartographic Text Placement.</a> White paper.</li>

<li>Ahn, J. and Freeman, H., "A program for automatic name placement," Proc. AUTO-CARTO 6, Ottawa, 1983. 444–455.</li>

<li>Freeman, H., "Computer Name Placement," ch. 29, in Geographical Information Systems, 1, D.J. Maguire, M.F. Goodchild, and D.W. Rhind, John Wiley, New York, 1991, 449–460.</li>

<li>Mark Monmonier, <i>How to Lie with Maps</i>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-226-53421-9</bdi></li>

<li>O'Connor, J.J. and E.F. Robertson, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/Cartography.html">The History of Cartography</a></i>. Scotland : St. Andrews University, 2002.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icaci.org/">International Cartographic Association (ICA)</a>, the world body for mapping and GIScience professionals</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/guide/gmilltoc.html">Geography and Maps, an Illustrated Guide</a>, by the staff of the U.S. <a href="Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geography.wisc.edu/histcart/">The History of Cartography Project</a> at the University of Wisconsin, a comprehensive research project in the history of maps and mapping</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Atlas218" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Atlas" title="Atlas">Atlas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li>

<li><a href="Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a></li>

<li><a href="Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Map_projection" title="Map projection">Map projection</a></li>

<li><a href="Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Early_world_maps" title="Early world maps">Early world maps</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">History of cartography</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_cartographers" title="List of cartographers">List of cartographers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animated_mapping" title="Animated mapping">Animated mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartogram" title="Cartogram">Cartogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Choropleth_map" title="Choropleth map">Choropleth map</a></li>

<li><a href="Geological_map" title="Geological map">Geological map</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_map" title="Linguistic map">Linguistic map</a></li>

<li><a href="Nautical_chart" title="Nautical chart">Nautical chart</a></li>

<li><a href="Pictorial_map" title="Pictorial map">Pictorial map</a></li>

<li><a href="Thematic_map" title="Thematic map">Thematic map</a></li>

<li><a href="Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">Topographic map</a></li>

<li><a href="Weather_map" title="Weather map">Weather map</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span><b>Category:Maps</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span><b><a href="Portal%3AAtlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Atlas">Portal:Atlas</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visualization_of_technical_information112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Visualization_of_technical_information112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a> of technical information</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biological_data_visualization" title="Biological data visualization">Biological data visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_imaging" title="Chemical imaging">Chemical imaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Crime_mapping" title="Crime mapping">Crime mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data visualization">Data visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Educational visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Flow_visualization" title="Flow visualization">Flow visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualization">Information visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_diagram" title="Mathematical diagram">Mathematical visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_graphics" title="Molecular graphics">Molecular graphics</a></li>

<li><a href="Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Product visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">Scientific visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_visualization" title="Social visualization">Social visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_visualization" title="Software visualization">Software visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li>

<li><a href="User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">Visual analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume visualization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Image <br>types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chart" title="Chart">Chart</a></li>

<li><a href="Diagram" title="Diagram">Diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Engineering drawing</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_of_a_function" title="Graph of a function">Graph of a function</a></li>

<li><a href="Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Sankey_diagram" title="Sankey diagram">Sankey diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Schematic" title="Schematic">Schematic</a></li>

<li><a href="Skeletal_formula" title="Skeletal formula">Skeletal formula</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Statistical graphics</a></li>

<li><a href="Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">Table</a></li>

<li><a href="Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawings</a></li>

<li><a href="Technical_illustration" title="Technical illustration">Technical illustration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles-Ren%C3%A9_de_Fourcroy" title="Charles-René de Fourcroy">Charles-René de Fourcroy</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Charles_Dupin" title="Charles Dupin">Charles Dupin</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Adolphe Quetelet</a></li>

<li><a href="Andr%C3%A9-Michel_Guerry" title="André-Michel Guerry">André-Michel Guerry</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Playfair" title="William Playfair">William Playfair</a></li>

<li><a href="August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">August Kekulé</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Joseph_Minard" title="Charles Joseph Minard">Charles Joseph Minard</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis Amasa Walker</a></li>

<li><a href="Oliver_Byrne_(mathematician)" title="Oliver Byrne (mathematician)">Oliver Byrne</a></li>

<li><a href="Matthew_Henry_Phineas_Riall_Sankey" title="Matthew Henry Phineas Riall Sankey">Matthew Sankey</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)" title="Charles Booth (social reformer)">Charles Booth</a></li>

<li><a href="Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Wilhelm_Pohlke" title="Karl Wilhelm Pohlke">Karl Wilhelm Pohlke</a></li>

<li><a href="Toussaint_Loua" title="Toussaint Loua">Toussaint Loua</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Edward_Walter_Maunder" title="Edward Walter Maunder">Edward Walter Maunder</a></li>

<li><a href="Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Gantt" title="Henry Gantt">Henry Gantt</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">Arthur Lyon Bowley</a></li>

<li><a href="Howard_G._Funkhouser" title="Howard G. Funkhouser">Howard G. Funkhouser</a></li>

<li><a href="John_B._Peddle" title="John B. Peddle">John B. Peddle</a></li>

<li><a href="Ejnar_Hertzsprung" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></li>

<li><a href="Max_O._Lorenz" title="Max O. Lorenz">Max O. Lorenz</a></li>

<li><a href="Fritz_Kahn" title="Fritz Kahn">Fritz Kahn</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Beck" title="Harry Beck">Harry Beck</a></li>

<li><a href="Erwin_Raisz" title="Erwin Raisz">Erwin Raisz</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jacques_Bertin" title="Jacques Bertin">Jacques Bertin</a></li>

<li><a href="Rudolf_Modley" title="Rudolf Modley">Rudolf Modley</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_H._Robinson" title="Arthur H. Robinson">Arthur H. Robinson</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_Eleanor_Spear" title="Mary Eleanor Spear">Mary Eleanor Spear</a></li>

<li><a href="Edgar_Anderson" title="Edgar Anderson">Edgar Anderson</a></li>

<li><a href="Howard_T._Fisher" title="Howard T. Fisher">Howard T. Fisher</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Borden_Dent" title="Borden Dent">Borden Dent</a></li>

<li><a href="Nigel_Holmes" title="Nigel Holmes">Nigel Holmes</a></li>

<li><a href="William_S._Cleveland" title="William S. Cleveland">William S. Cleveland</a></li>

<li><a href="George_G._Robertson" title="George G. Robertson">George G. Robertson</a></li>

<li><a href="Bruce_H._McCormick" title="Bruce H. McCormick">Bruce H. McCormick</a></li>

<li><a href="Catherine_Plaisant" title="Catherine Plaisant">Catherine Plaisant</a></li>

<li><a href="Stuart_Card" title="Stuart Card">Stuart Card</a></li>

<li><a href="Pat_Hanrahan" title="Pat Hanrahan">Pat Hanrahan</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a></li>

<li><a href="Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Friendly" title="Michael Friendly">Michael Friendly</a></li>

<li><a href="Howard_Wainer" title="Howard Wainer">Howard Wainer</a></li>

<li><a href="Clifford_A._Pickover" title="Clifford A. Pickover">Clifford A. Pickover</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Furnas" title="George Furnas">George Furnas</a></li>

<li><a href="Sheelagh_Carpendale" title="Sheelagh Carpendale">Sheelagh Carpendale</a></li>

<li><a href="Cynthia_Brewer" title="Cynthia Brewer">Cynthia Brewer</a></li>

<li><a href="Jock_D._Mackinlay" title="Jock D. Mackinlay">Jock D. Mackinlay</a></li>

<li><a href="Alan_MacEachren" title="Alan MacEachren">Alan MacEachren</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Goodsell" title="David Goodsell">David Goodsell</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Maltz" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Maltz">Michael Maltz</a></li>

<li><a href="Leland_Wilkinson" title="Leland Wilkinson">Leland Wilkinson</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Inselberg" title="Alfred Inselberg">Alfred Inselberg</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Jeffrey_Heer" title="Jeffrey Heer">Jeffrey Heer</a></li>

<li><a href="Jessica_Hullman" title="Jessica Hullman">Jessica Hullman</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_A._Keim" title="Daniel A. Keim">Daniel A. Keim</a></li>

<li><a href="Gordon_Kindlmann" title="Gordon Kindlmann">Gordon Kindlmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Aaron_Koblin" title="Aaron Koblin">Aaron Koblin</a></li>

<li><a href="Christopher_R._Johnson" title="Christopher R. Johnson">Christopher R. Johnson</a></li>

<li><a href="Manuel_Lima" title="Manuel Lima">Manuel Lima</a></li>

<li><a href="David_McCandless" title="David McCandless">David McCandless</a></li>

<li><a href="Mauro_Martino" title="Mauro Martino">Mauro Martino</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Maeda" title="John Maeda">John Maeda</a></li>

<li><a href="Miriah_Meyer" title="Miriah Meyer">Miriah Meyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamara_Munzner" title="Tamara Munzner">Tamara Munzner</a></li>

<li><a href="Ade_Olufeko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ade Olufeko">Ade Olufeko</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanspeter_Pfister" title="Hanspeter Pfister">Hanspeter Pfister</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Rosling" title="Hans Rosling">Hans Rosling</a></li>

<li><a href="Claudio_Silva_(computer_scientist)" title="Claudio Silva (computer scientist)">Claudio Silva</a></li>

<li><a href="Moritz_Stefaner" title="Moritz Stefaner">Moritz Stefaner</a></li>

<li><a href="Fernanda_Vi%C3%A9gas" title="Fernanda Viégas">Fernanda Viégas</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_M._Wattenberg" title="Martin M. Wattenberg">Martin Wattenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Hadley_Wickham" title="Hadley Wickham">Hadley Wickham</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br>topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartjunk" title="Chartjunk">Chartjunk</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_coding_in_data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Color coding in data visualization">Color coding</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Computer_graphics_(computer_science)" title="Computer graphics (computer science)">in computer science</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="CPK_coloring" title="CPK coloring">CPK coloring</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphic_organizer" title="Graphic organizer">Graphic organizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Imaging_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging science">Imaging science</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_art" title="Information art">Information art</a></li>

<li><a href="Infographic" title="Infographic">Information graphics</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li>

<li><a href="Misleading_graph" title="Misleading graph">Misleading graph</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Patent_drawing" title="Patent drawing">Patent drawing</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">Scientific modelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li>

<li><a href="Volume_cartography" title="Volume cartography">Volume cartography</a></li>

<li><a href="Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume rendering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orienteering567" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Orienteering567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Orienteering" title="Orienteering">Orienteering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_orienteering" title="History of orienteering">History of orienteering</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_orienteering_events" title="List of orienteering events">List of orienteering events</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="International_Orienteering_Federation" title="International Orienteering Federation">IOF</a>-<a href="Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">governed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Foot_orienteering" title="Foot orienteering">Foot orienteering</a></li>

<li><a href="Mountain_bike_orienteering" title="Mountain bike orienteering">Mountain bike orienteering</a></li>

<li><a href="Ski_orienteering" title="Ski orienteering">Ski orienteering</a></li>

<li><a href="Trail_orienteering" title="Trail orienteering">Trail orienteering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="International_Amateur_Radio_Union" title="International Amateur Radio Union">IARU</a>-<a href="Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">governed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amateur_radio_direction_finding" title="Amateur radio direction finding">Amateur radio direction finding</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fox_Oring" title="Fox Oring">Fox Oring</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_Orienteering_in_a_Compact_Area" title="Radio Orienteering in a Compact Area">Radio Orienteering in a Compact Area</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Canoe_orienteering" title="Canoe orienteering">Canoe orienteering</a></li>

<li><a href="Car_orienteering" title="Car orienteering">Car orienteering</a></li>

<li><a href="Mountain_marathon" title="Mountain marathon">Mountain marathon</a></li>

<li><a href="Mounted_orienteering" title="Mounted orienteering">Mounted orienteering</a></li>

<li><a href="Rogaining" title="Rogaining">Rogaining</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adventure_racing" title="Adventure racing">Adventure racing</a></li>

<li><a href="Alleycat_race" title="Alleycat race">Alleycat race</a></li>

<li><a href="Fell_running" title="Fell running">Fell running</a></li>

<li><a href="Relay_race" title="Relay race">Relay race</a></li>

<li><a href="Transmitter_hunting" title="Transmitter hunting">Transmitter hunting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Control_point_(orienteering)" title="Control point (orienteering)">Control point</a></li>

<li><a href="Course_(orienteering)" title="Course (orienteering)">Course</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a>

<li><a href="Protractor_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Protractor compass">protractor</a></li>

<li><a href="Thumb_compass" title="Thumb compass">thumb</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eye_protection" title="Eye protection">Eye protectors</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaiters" title="Gaiters">Gaiters</a></li>

<li><a href="Headlamp_(outdoor)" title="Headlamp (outdoor)">Headlamp</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exceptions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Backpacking_(wilderness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Backpacking (wilderness)">Backpacking</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Whistle" title="Whistle">Whistle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orienteering.sport/iof/it/list-of-software-for-orienteering/">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprietary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>Condes</li>

<li>SportSoftware</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open-source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>OpenOrienteering Mapper</li>

<li>Purple Pen</li>

<ul><li><a href="Catching_Features" title="Catching Features">Catching Features</a></li>

<li>Suunnistussimulaattori</li>

<li>WinOL / WinOL II Oriantica</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Orienteering_map" title="Orienteering map">orienteering map</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cardinal_direction" title="Cardinal direction">cardinal direction</a></li>

<li><a href="Position_resection" class="mw-redirect" title="Position resection">resection</a></li>

<li><a href="Route_choice_(orienteering)" title="Route choice (orienteering)">route choice</a></li>

<li><a href="Wayfinding" title="Wayfinding">wayfinding</a></li>

<li><a href="Waypoint" title="Waypoint">waypoint</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Racing" title="Racing">Racing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a></li>

<li><a href="Running" title="Running">running</a></li>

<li><a href="Walking" title="Walking">walking</a></li>

<li><a href="Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a></li>

<li><a href="Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">mountain biking</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations / lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Orienteering_Federation" title="International Orienteering Federation">International Orienteering Federation</a>

<ul><li>members</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_orienteering_clubs" title="List of orienteering clubs">List of clubs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_orienteers" title="List of orienteers">List of orienteers</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_orienteers#By_country" title="List of orienteers">by country</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_orienteers#Innovators" title="List of orienteers">innovators</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_orienteering_events" title="List of orienteering events">List of events</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-sport related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adventure_travel" title="Adventure travel">Adventure travel</a></li>

<li><a href="Bicycle_touring" title="Bicycle touring">Bicycle touring</a></li>

<li><a href="Climbing" title="Climbing">Climbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Hiking" title="Hiking">Hiking</a></li>

<li><a href="Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li>

<li><a href="Location-based_game" title="Location-based game">Location-based game</a>

<ul><li><a href="Geocaching" title="Geocaching">geocaching</a></li>

<li><a href="Poker_run" title="Poker run">poker run</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Orienteering_(scouting)" title="Orienteering (scouting)">Scoutcraft orienteering</a>

<ul><li><a href="Backpacking_(wilderness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Backpacking (wilderness)">wilderness</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Foot_orienteering" title="Foot orienteering">Foot orienteering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="World_Orienteering_Championships" title="World Orienteering Championships">World Championships</a>

<ul><li><small><a href="Junior_World_Orienteering_Championships" title="Junior World Orienteering Championships">Junior</a></small></li>

<li><small><a href="World_Masters_Orienteering_Championships" title="World Masters Orienteering Championships">Masters</a></small></li>

<li><small><a href="World_University_Orienteering_Championships" title="World University Orienteering Championships">University</a></small></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Orienteering_World_Cup" title="Orienteering World Cup">World Cup</a></li>

<li><a href="Orienteering_at_the_World_Games" title="Orienteering at the World Games">World Games</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Orienteering_Championships" title="European Orienteering Championships">European Championships</a>

<ul><li><a href="European_Youth_Orienteering_Championships" title="European Youth Orienteering Championships">Youth</a></li>

<li>University</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="North_American_Orienteering_Championships" title="North American Orienteering Championships">North American Championships</a></li>

<li>Open events

<ul><li><a href="O-Ringen" title="O-Ringen">O-Ringen</a></li>

<li><a href="Jukola_relay" title="Jukola relay">Jukola</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiomila" title="Tiomila">Tiomila</a></li>

<li><a href="Kainuu_Orienteering_Week" title="Kainuu Orienteering Week">Kainuu Orienteering Week</a></li>

<li><a href="Jan_Kjellstr%C3%B6m_International_Festival_of_Orienteering" title="Jan Kjellström International Festival of Orienteering">Jan Kjellström Festival</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ski_orienteering" title="Ski orienteering">Ski orienteering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="World_Ski_Orienteering_Championships" title="World Ski Orienteering Championships">World Championships</a>

<ul><li><small><a href="Junior_World_Ski_Orienteering_Championships" title="Junior World Ski Orienteering Championships">Junior</a></small></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="World_Cup_in_Ski_Orienteering" title="World Cup in Ski Orienteering">World Cup</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mountain_bike_orienteering" title="Mountain bike orienteering">Mountain bike orienteering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="World_Mountain_Bike_Orienteering_Championships" title="World Mountain Bike Orienteering Championships">World Championships</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Trail_orienteering" title="Trail orienteering">Trail orienteering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="World_Trail_Orienteering_Championships" title="World Trail Orienteering Championships">World Championships</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> WikiProject</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4006#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2459" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4006#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2459" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1008726">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4029783-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Maps"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85080858">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Maps"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99002035">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Maps"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99001269">3</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952385d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952385d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573130">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="mapy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115225&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX5318422">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000233362&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000056984&P_CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550987305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640633">NARA</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10633667">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/harita">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-31" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Map&oldid=1303499637">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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